HomeJCARM Vol 1, Issue 5 Article
Original Research Article

Social Vulnerability Indicators and Their Relationships with Flood Hazard Determinants in Jalingo Metropolis, Nigeria

Francis Nashuka Kaigama, Prince Ike Onyemenam, Musa Bitrus Tsenfwa

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Francis Nashuka Kaigama Corresponding Author

Federal University Wukari

ORCID: 0000-0003-2370-1013

Correspondence: frankaigama@gmail.com

Received
02 Jul 2026
Published
12 Jul 2026

Abstract

Social vulnerability is how income, gender, age, education, housing type and other personal factors make some people more exposed to floods. In fast-growing Nigerian cities like Jalingo, we do not know which social factors are most linked to flood risk. This study tested 8 social factors against 8 flood risk determinants amongst 437 households in Jalingo’s 10 DMAs. We used Pearson correlation in SPSS. Social factors tested were gender, location, age, education, house ownership, income, years in the area, and occupation. Flood risk determinants were flood hazard perception, climate change impact, urban change impact, institutional support, amenity value, self-protection, responsibility, and other risk concerns. The results revealed house ownership as the strongest factor. Owners knew more about floods and worked with the government more than tenants. r = .099 with flood perception and r = .243 with institutional support, both significant. Location and education are linked positively to climate change worries. Gender and occupation are linked negatively to the climate change impact. Age is linked negatively to amenity value. But no social factor is linked to self-protection or responsibility. In Jalingo, owning a house makes people more aware of floods and more likely to join government programmes. This shows that flood risk in Jalingo is not the same as in other cities. Flood plans here must target tenants and match local social patterns.

Keywords: Social Vulnerability, Flood Risk, Pearson Correlation, House Ownership, Jalingo Metropolis

How to Cite

APA

Kaigama, F. N., Onyemenam, P. I., & Tsenfwa, M. B. (2026). Social Vulnerability Indicators and Their Relationships with Flood Hazard Determinants in Jalingo Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Academic Research and Methodologies, 1(5). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21324270

MLA

Kaigama, Francis Nashuka, Prince Ike Onyemenam, and Musa Bitrus Tsenfwa. "Social Vulnerability Indicators and Their Relationships with Flood Hazard Determinants in Jalingo Metropolis, Nigeria." Journal of Contemporary Academic Research and Methodologies, vol. 1, no. 5, 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21324270

Chicago

Kaigama, Francis Nashuka, Prince Ike Onyemenam, and Musa Bitrus Tsenfwa. "Social Vulnerability Indicators and Their Relationships with Flood Hazard Determinants in Jalingo Metropolis, Nigeria." Journal of Contemporary Academic Research and Methodologies 1, no. 5 (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21324270

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ISSN 3139-7247
Tracking ID JCARM_JUL_26_010
Article No. 055
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Journal JCARM
Volume Vol 1, No 5
Year 2026
Type Original Research Article
Licence CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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