HomeBJAR Vol 1, Issue 3 Article
Original Research Article

Effects of Cooperative and Competitive Learning on Reading Comprehension Performance Among Nigerian Schoolchildren

Ettu, Peace Chiamaka, Ali, Prince Edisemi, Nyakno-Ekpa, Gloria, Allison, Trust-Jah Tuaegwuchukwu

Click an author's name to view their details

Ettu, Peace Chiamaka

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Received
20 Aug 2026
Published
10 Sep 2026

Abstract

This study examined the effects of cooperative and competitive learning methods on children’s reading comprehension performance. Thirty children (15 boys, 15 girls) aged 10–14 years were drawn from a secondary school in Ibadan, Nigeria, using systematic sampling and were randomly assigned to a cooperative learning group or a competitive learning group. Comprehension performance was measured as the number of correct responses to six objective questions following a standardized reading passage. An independent-samples t-test showed no statistically significant difference in comprehension scores between the cooperative learning group (M = 4.00, SD = 1.13) and the competitive learning group (M = 3.13, SD = 1.51), t(28) = 1.78, p = .086, although the effect size was moderate to large (d = 0.65) and favoured the cooperative condition. Findings suggest that children in this age range are capable of productive cooperative learning, and that the absence of statistical significance likely reflects the study’s limited statistical power rather than a true absence of an effect. Educators are encouraged to incorporate structured cooperative learning activities to support children’s academic and prosocial development.

Keywords: Cooperative Learning, Competitive Learning, Reading Comprehension, Academic Performance, Middle Childhood

How to Cite

APA

Ettu, P. C., Ali, P. E., Nyakno-Ekpa, G., & Allison, T.-J. T. (2026). Effects of Cooperative and Competitive Learning on Reading Comprehension Performance Among Nigerian Schoolchildren. British Journal of Advanced Research, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.68263/BJAR-VXTTJGVY

MLA

Ettu, Peace Chiamaka, Prince Edisemi Ali, Gloria Nyakno-Ekpa, and Trust-Jah Tuaegwuchukwu Allison. "Effects of Cooperative and Competitive Learning on Reading Comprehension Performance Among Nigerian Schoolchildren." British Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 1, no. 3, 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.68263/BJAR-VXTTJGVY

Chicago

Ettu, Peace Chiamaka, Prince Edisemi Ali, Gloria Nyakno-Ekpa, and Trust-Jah Tuaegwuchukwu Allison. "Effects of Cooperative and Competitive Learning on Reading Comprehension Performance Among Nigerian Schoolchildren." British Journal of Advanced Research 1, no. 3 (2026). https://doi.org/10.68263/BJAR-VXTTJGVY

References

Brown, R., & Abrams, D. (1986). The effects of intergroup similarity and goal interdependence on intergroup attitudes and task performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(86)90040-5 Butler, R. (1990). The effects of mastery and competitive conditions on self-assessment at different ages. Child Development, 61(1), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131060 Charlesworth, W. R. (1996). Co-operation and competition: Contributions to an evolutionary and developmental model. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502549601900103 Engelhard, G., & Monsaas, J. A. (1989). Academic performance, gender, and the competitiveness of young children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49(4), 895–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448904900414 Foster, W. K. (1984). Cooperation in the game and sport structure of children: One dimension of psychosocial development. Education, 105, 201–205. Franken, R. E., & Brown, D. J. (1995). Why do people like competition? The motivation for winning, putting forth effort, improving one’s performance, performing well, being instrumental, and expressing forceful/aggressive behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(95)00035-Q Griffin-Pierson, S. (1990). The Competitiveness Questionnaire: A measure of two components of competitiveness. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 23(3), 108–115. Güngör, F., Altunbaşak, İ., Aydın, A. T., Kaya, M., & Erdem, C. (2026). A second-order meta-analysis on the effects of cooperative learning on students’ academic achievement, higher-order thinking, and affective behaviors. Current Psychology, 45(6), Article 552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-08943-0 Hom, H. L., Berger, M., Duncan, M. K., Miller, A., & Blevin, A. (1994). The effects of cooperative and individualistic reward on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1994.9914762 Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Holubec, E. J. (2008). Cooperation in the classroom (8th ed.). Interaction Book Company. Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Smith, K. A. (2014). Cooperative learning: Improving university instruction by basing practice on validated theory. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 25(4), 85–118. Johnson, D. W., Maruyama, G., Johnson, R. T., Nelson, D., & Skon, L. (1981). Effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on achievement: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 89(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.89.1.47 Johnson, R. T., & Johnson, D. W. (1979). Type of task and student achievement and attitudes in interpersonal cooperation, competition, and individualization. Journal of Social Psychology, 108(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1979.9711985 Kagan, S., & Madsen, M. C. (1971). Cooperation and competition of Mexican, Mexican-American, and Anglo-American children of two ages under four instructional sets. Developmental Psychology, 5(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031080 National Research Council. (1994). Learning, remembering, believing: Enhancing human performance. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/2303 Newcomb, A. F., Brady, J. E., & Hartup, W. W. (1979). Friendship and incentive condition as determinants of children’s task-oriented social behavior. Child Development, 50(3), 878–881. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128958 Piaget, J. (1950). Pensée biologique, pensée psychologique et pensée sociologique [Biological thinking, psychological thinking, and sociological thinking]. Presses Universitaires de France. ReadTheory. (2012). ReadTheory: Free reading comprehension practice for students and teachers. https://readtheory.org Roberts, G. C. (1992). Children in competition: A theoretical perspective and recommendations for practice. In A. Yiannakis & S. L. Greendorfer (Eds.), Applied sociology of sport (pp. 179–192). Human Kinetics Books. Schmidt, C. R., Ollendick, T. H., & Stanowicz, L. B. (1988). Developmental changes in the influence of assigned goals on cooperation and competition. Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 574–579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.4.574 Talkhan, E., Alhubaidah, S., Muthanna, A., & Qadhi, S. (2025). The effect of cooperative learning toward mathematics achievement of primary students: A systematic review using meta-analysis. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, Article 102247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102247 Tassi, F., Schneider, B. H., & Richard, J. F. (2001). Competitive behavior at school in relation to social competence and incompetence in middle childhood. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 14, 165–184. Triplett, N. (1898). The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition. American Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 507–533. https://doi.org/10.2307/1412188 Van Avermaet, E. (1996). Cooperation and competition. In A. S. R. Manstead & M. Hewstone (Eds.), The Blackwell encyclopedia of social psychology (pp. 136–141). Blackwell. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Free to read, share, and adapt with attribution.

Article Access
↓ Download PDF
57
Views
24
Downloads
Metadata
ISSN 3153-709X
Tracking ID BJAR_AUG_26_031
Article No. 010
↓ Download JATS XML
Article Info
Journal BJAR
Volume Vol 1, No 3
Year 2026
Type Original Research Article
Licence CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Share