<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN"
  "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         article-type="original-research-article">

  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JCARM</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Contemporary Academic Research and Methodologies</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title>JCARM</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="epub">3139-7247</issn>
            <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Ivory and Finch Publishers</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>

    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.21351911</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JCARM_JUN_26_160</article-id>

      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title>Strategies for Enhancing Technical College Training in Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) for Global Employability Among Motor Vehicle Mechanic Work (MVMW) Students in Lagos State, Nigeria</article-title>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
                        <surname>Babatunde Adeyemi</surname>
            <given-names>Adenuga</given-names>
          </name>
                    <aff>Lagos State University of Education, Oto/Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria</aff>
          <email>adenugaba@lasued.edu.ng</email>
        </contrib>
                                          <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                                <surname> Ogunbote Shefiu</surname>
                <given-names></given-names>
              </name>
                                          <aff>Department of Technology Education, Lagos State University of Education, Oto/Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria</aff>
                          </contrib>
                                              <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                                <surname>Rasheed Adegbenro</surname>
                <given-names>Dawodu,</given-names>
              </name>
                                          <aff>Department of Technology Education, Lagos State University of Education, Oto/Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria</aff>
                          </contrib>
                                              <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                                <surname>Olufemi,</surname>
                <given-names>Olayinka</given-names>
              </name>
                                          <aff>Department of Technology Education, Lagos State University of Education, Oto/Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria</aff>
                          </contrib>
                                              <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                                <surname>Felix Omotayo</surname>
                <given-names>Adegunle</given-names>
              </name>
                                          <aff>Department of Technology Education, Lagos State University of Education, Oto/Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria</aff>
                          </contrib>
                                    </contrib-group>

            <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      
      
            <self-uri xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21351911"/>
      
      <abstract>
        <p>The increasing integration of electronic control technologies into modern motor vehicles has transformed the competency requirements of motor vehicle technicians worldwide. Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) systems have largely replaced conventional carburetor-based fuel delivery systems due to their superior fuel efficiency, enhanced engine performance, reduced emissions, and improved diagnostic capabilities. Consequently, the global motor vehicle industry demands technicians who possess competencies in electronic diagnostics, computerized engine management systems, sensor technology, and digital troubleshooting. This study investigated strategies for enhancing technical college training in Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) for global employability among Motor Vehicle Mechanic Work (MVMW) students in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population comprised 455 Tech III MVMW students, consisting of 440 males and 15 females, drawn from five government technical colleges in Lagos State. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled Electronic Fuel Injection Employability Enhancement Questionnaire (EFIEEQ). The instrument was validated by experts in Motor Vehicle Technology Education and Measurement and Evaluation, while a Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.86 was obtained, indicating high internal consistency. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while independent samples t-test and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that competencies in OBD scanner operation, ECU diagnostics, sensor testing, fuel injector servicing, and digital fault interpretation are essential for global employability. The study further identified inadequate facilities, poor funding, obsolete curriculum content, and insufficient teacher competence as major constraints to effective EFI training. The study concluded that curriculum modernization, teacher retraining, workshop modernization, industry collaboration, and the provision of modern diagnostic equipment are critical for improving students&#039; employability and competitiveness in the global motor vehicle workforce. It was recommended that government agencies, technical colleges, and motor vehicle industries collaborate to strengthen EFI instructional delivery and align training with contemporary industry demands</p>
      </abstract>

            <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-keywords">
                <kwd>Electronic Fuel Injection</kwd>
                <kwd>Technical Colleges</kwd>
                <kwd>Employability</kwd>
                <kwd>Motor vehicle Technology</kwd>
                <kwd>TVET</kwd>
                <kwd>Global Workforce</kwd>
                <kwd>Motor Vehicle Mechanic Work.</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
      
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
              </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright &copy; 2026 by the authors</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>

    </article-meta>
  </front>

    <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
                      <ref id="ref-1">
          <mixed-citation>Adebisi, T. A., &amp;amp; Oni, C. S. (2022). Technical and vocational education in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects for sustainable development. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 14(2), 45–58.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-2">
          <mixed-citation>Agbo, P. O. (2023). Assessment of technical skills acquisition among students in government technical colleges in Rivers State. Education and Learning Journal, 12(3), 110–125.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-3">
          <mixed-citation>Attah, E. Y., Onwe, C. C., &amp;amp; Obi-Anike, H. O. (2025). Bridging the skills gap: Enhancing employability through university-industry collaborations in Nigeria. Industry and Higher Education, 39(2), 145–160.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-4">
          <mixed-citation>Bassey, E. A., &amp;amp; Chukuigwe, C. C. (2024). Modern automotive technologies and technical workforce development in Nigeria. International Journal of Vocational Education Studies, 9(1), 65–80.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-5">
          <mixed-citation>Emah, I. E., Doneys, P., Kusakabe, K., &amp;amp; Pathak, S. (2025). Skill acquisition in TVET and access to employment in Nigeria: A gender perspective. Frontiers in Sociology, 10, 1577765.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-6">
          <mixed-citation>Fatokun, K. V., &amp;amp; Gumbo, M. T. (2024). Emerging technologies and technical vocational education in Africa. African Journal of Educational Technology, 18(1), 72–88.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-7">
          <mixed-citation>Jebba, A. M., Nordin, M. S., Wushishi, D. I., &amp;amp; Quadri, S. A. (2024). Skills gap assessment among TVET educators on adopting digital technologies in teaching at technical colleges. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(2), 224–238.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-8">
          <mixed-citation>Muoghalu, L. N., &amp;amp; Ahmad, B. (2026). Facility-based gaps affecting implementation of motor vehicle electronics in Nigerian technical colleges. Journal of Technical Education Research, 15(1), 33–48.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-9">
          <mixed-citation>Ogbebor, O. A. (2025). Influence of innovative characteristics and work readiness on employability of TVET students in South-South Nigeria universities. Asian Journal of Vocational Education and Humanities, 6(2), 94–100.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-10">
          <mixed-citation>Olawale, O. O., &amp;amp; Oke, J. O. (2023). Assessment and validation of facilities for implementing employability skills modules in Nigerian technical colleges. Journal of Technical Skills Development, 8(4), 55–70.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-11">
          <mixed-citation>Okoli, J. C., &amp;amp; Agada, M. E. (2025). Repositioning TVET for economic and industrial growth in Nigeria. Journal of Research in Industrial Technology and Educational Studies, 1(1), 1–15.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-12">
          <mixed-citation>Otache, I. (2022). Industry partnerships and employability outcomes among technical education graduates. International Journal of Workforce Development, 7(2), 81–95.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-13">
          <mixed-citation>Prince, E. A., Chukuigwe, C. C., &amp;amp; Bassey, A. E. (2024). Development and validation of autotronic training module for motor vehicle technology students in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Industrial Workforce Education, 11(2), 56–73.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-14">
          <mixed-citation>Umar, M. A., &amp;amp; Yusuf, A. A. (2022). Digital transformation and employability skills among TVET graduates in Nigeria. Journal of Educational Innovations, 10(3), 102–118.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-15">
          <mixed-citation>Wahab, M. A., Abdulrasak, A. A., &amp;amp; Ajiboye, K. T. (2024). Sustainable motor vehicle technology education for workforce competitiveness. International Journal of Technical and Vocational Studies, 5(2), 89–104.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-16">
          <mixed-citation>Yakubu, H. M., &amp;amp; Bello, S. A. (2021). Technical education and sustainable employment opportunities in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technical Education, 17(1), 22–38.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-17">
          <mixed-citation>Yusuf, M. O., &amp;amp; Aina, J. K. (2021). Curriculum innovation and employability in technical education. African Journal of Vocational Studies, 13(2), 34–49.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-18">
          <mixed-citation>Zixuan, B., Omar, M. K., &amp;amp; Mohd Puad, M. H. (2025). Employability skills and career adaptability among TVET students: What matters? Asian Journal of Vocational Education and Humanities, 6(1), 1–13.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-19">
          <mixed-citation>Aina, O. A., &amp;amp; Salami, T. K. (2022). Competency-based education and workforce readiness in technical colleges. Journal of TVET Research, 6(3), 41–57.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-20">
          <mixed-citation>Eze, P. I., &amp;amp; Nwankwo, C. N. (2023). Workshop facilities and practical skills acquisition in technical colleges. Journal of Vocational Education Studies, 14(1), 66–82.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-21">
          <mixed-citation>Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2014). National policy on education (6th ed.). Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) Press.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-22">
          <mixed-citation>Ibrahim, A. S., &amp;amp; Mohammed, R. U. (2024). Digital diagnostics and modern automotive maintenance practices. International Journal of Automotive Technology Education, 4(2), 101–118.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-23">
          <mixed-citation>Johnson, A. O., &amp;amp; Adekunle, B. T. (2023). Teacher competence and technology integration in technical education. Journal of Technical Teacher Education, 12(2), 58–74.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-24">
          <mixed-citation>Lawal, S. O., &amp;amp; Ezeani, N. C. (2025). Employability skills development among vocational education students. International Journal of Educational Development, 16(1), 77–92.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-25">
          <mixed-citation>Nwachukwu, C. E., &amp;amp; Okeke, P. N. (2024). Industry-based learning and workforce preparedness among TVET students. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 19(3), 88–104.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-26">
          <mixed-citation>Ojo, R. A., &amp;amp; Alabi, K. O. (2022). Technical college modernization and skills development in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology Education, 15(2), 53–69.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-27">
          <mixed-citation>Oloruntoba, M. O., &amp;amp; Ibrahim, Y. A. (2026). Emerging automotive technologies and curriculum responsiveness in technical colleges. Journal of Contemporary Technical Education, 8(1), 12–29.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-28">
          <mixed-citation>Taiwo, F. A., &amp;amp; Ajayi, D. O. (2024). Enhancing practical learning through simulation technologies in vocational education. African Journal of Technology and Learning, 9(2), 95–112.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-29">
          <mixed-citation>Usman, M. S., &amp;amp; Garba, I. M. (2025). Teacher professional development and employability outcomes in TVET institutions. International Journal of Technical Education Research, 13(1), 31–47.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                              <ref id="ref-30">
          <mixed-citation>Yakasi , MA , &amp;amp; Hassan , US (2023). Resource utilization and effectiveness of technical education programs. Journal of Educational Resource Management, 11 (4), 120–136</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
                  </ref-list>
  </back>
  
</article>
