Alterations in freshwater ecosystems due to sand mining lead to changes in sediment structure, water chemistry, and community dynamics of aquatic organisms. This study assessed the socioeconomic factors and their impact on sand mining in freshwater ecosystem services in selected areas of Rivers State, Nigeria, namely Akpajo, Rumokparaeli, and Chokocho communities. The study examined the available freshwater ecosystem services before sand mining, the current state of these services, and the social and economic impacts of sand mining activities on the host communities. A descriptive research design was adopted, and data were obtained through questionnaires, field observations, and relevant literature. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted in line with the research questions. The findings revealed that freshwater ecosystems in the study area provided vital ecosystem services before sand mining, including fishing activities, water supply, and livelihood support for the communities. However, continuous and intensive sand mining activities have significantly altered the freshwater ecosystems. Evidence from the study indicated land degradation caused by sand mining, abandonment of fish ponds, abandonment of homes, destruction of riparian vegetation, reduced water quality, and decline in freshwater ecosystem services. The study further showed that socioeconomic factors such as population growth, economic activities, and increased demand for construction materials have intensified sand mining activities in the study area. The study concluded that sand mining has negatively affected freshwater ecosystem services and the socio-economic conditions of the communities. It emphasized the need for proper management, regulation, and sustainable sand mining practices to reduce environmental degradation and ensure the sustainability of freshwater ecosystems in the study area.