Oil spill incidents remain one of the most persistent environmental challenges in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, particularly in Rivers State. Despite the region’s critical contribution to national revenue through petroleum production, host communities continue to experience severe environmental degradation and socio-economic hardship. Recent reports indicate that Nigeria recorded over 500 oil spill incidents annually between 2023 and 2024, with significant volumes of crude oil discharged into the environment due to pipeline vandalism, oil theft, equipment failure, and aging infrastructure (National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency [NOSDRA], 2023; Amnesty International, 2024). Oil spills have resulted in widespread contamination of soil and water resources, destruction of biodiversity, and disruption of livelihoods such as farming and fishing. Consequently, affected communities experience income loss, unemployment, food insecurity, migration, and increased health risks. Governance challenges including weak regulatory enforcement, lack of transparency, and inadequate community involvement further worsen the situation (United Nations Development Programme [UNDP], 2024). This study examines the causes, environmental impacts, and socio-economic consequences of oil spills in Rivers State. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 150 respondents and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings reveal that vandalism and pipeline corrosion are the dominant causes of oil spills, while loss of farming income and reduced fish catch are the most significant socio-economic impacts. The study concludes that effective governance, infrastructure improvement, and community participation are essential for mitigating oil spill impacts and promoting sustainable development in the Niger Delta.