This paper examines the economics and planning of Kenya's education system, with an emphasis on policy frameworks, financing strategies, enrollment dynamics, and equity challenges in achieving sustainable and inclusive educational outcomes. It analyzes the impact of significant reforms, including the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) introduced in 2017 and the expansion of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), in aligning education with Kenya's Vision 2030 and Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). Drawing on national statistics, county-level case studies (e.g., Uasin Gishu's TVET model and Turkana's mobile schools), and global best practices, the study highlights persistent challenges such as regional disparities, inadequate financing (e.g., KES 1,420 per primary student under FPE), and infrastructural deficits, particularly in ASAL regions where secondary enrolment rates range from 20–50% compared to the national 70% (KNBS, 2023). It proposes a multifaceted approach to enhance efficiency and equity, including data-driven planning via the Education Management Information System (EMIS), county-specific interventions, performance-based financing modeled on Rwanda's success, and public-private partnerships to bridge funding gaps. Additional recommendations include scaling teacher training (only 60% of teachers are CBC-trained as of 2024), increasing capitation grants by 20% in high-need areas, and strengthening community engagement to address cultural barriers, such as early marriage. These strategies aim to optimize resource allocation, reduce disparities, and ensure education drives Kenya's socioeconomic development.